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Lipid Profile

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Lipids are fats and fat-like substances essential for cells and a source of energy. A lipid profile measures the levels of specific lipids in the blood.

Two major lipids — cholesterol and triglycerides — are transported in the blood by lipoproteins. Each lipoprotein particle is composed of cholesterol, triglycerides, proteins, and phospholipids. Lipoproteins are categorized by their density into:

  • High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
  • Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
  • Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

The lipid panel typically includes:

  1. Total Cholesterol: The total cholesterol content of all lipoprotein particles.
  2. HDL Cholesterol: Known as "good cholesterol" because it transports excess cholesterol to the liver for removal.
  3. LDL Cholesterol: Known as "bad cholesterol," as it deposits excess cholesterol on artery walls, leading to atherosclerosis.
  4. Triglycerides: The amount of triglycerides in all lipoproteins, most of which are carried by VLDL particles.
  5. Atherogenic Index: The ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, used to assess cardiovascular risk.

Monitoring lipid levels and maintaining stability is crucial for health. While cholesterol is essential for bodily functions, dietary intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and genetic predisposition can elevate cholesterol levels. Excess cholesterol accumulates in the walls of blood vessels, causing atherosclerosis, which can narrow or block arteries, leading to heart attacks and strokes.

High triglyceride levels also contribute to cardiovascular diseases, although the exact mechanisms are unclear.

  • Sample: Venous blood.
  • Fasting for 12–14 hours is required before the test.
  • Avoid physical and emotional stress prior to the test.
  • Avoid alcohol consumption before the test.
  • Diagnosis of dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels).
  • Liver and kidney diseases.
  • Endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism or diabetes mellitus.
  • Routine health check-ups.
  • Assessment of atherosclerosis risk and related cardiovascular diseases.
  • Lipid profile testing is recommended every 4–6 years for individuals without additional cardiovascular risk factors.
  • Elevated Cholesterol and Triglycerides:
    • May result from genetic predisposition, high dietary intake of saturated or trans fats, low physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and metabolic conditions such as diabetes or obesity.
    • Can lead to the buildup of plaques in arterial walls, causing atherosclerosis.
  • Atherosclerosis Risks:
    • Atherosclerosis can restrict or block blood flow, resulting in hardened arteries, heart attacks, and strokes.
  • Elevated Triglycerides:
    • Associated with cardiovascular diseases, though the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood.

Maintaining a healthy lipid profile through a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and medical intervention when necessary can significantly reduce cardiovascular risks.