Examinations
Examinations
Calcium is the main component of bone tissue and an essential bioelement that performs critical structural, metabolic, and regulatory functions in the body. About 99% of calcium is stored in bone tissue, while only 1% is present in serum and other biological fluids.
Forms of Calcium in Blood
- Free (ionized) calcium: The physiologically active form of calcium.
- Calcium bound to anions: Lactate, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate.
- Calcium bound to proteins: Mainly albumin.
Functions of Calcium in the Body
- Ensures the strength of bones and teeth.
- Participates in neuromuscular stimulation.
- Regulates cell membrane permeability.
- Controls enzyme activity.
- Plays a critical role in blood clotting by activating factors VII, IX, and X.
- Sample Type: Venous blood.
- Preparation:
- Fasting for 8-14 hours before the test.
- Perform the test between 8:00 and 11:00 AM.
- Avoid consuming excessive amounts of food prior to the test.
- Diagnosis and screening of osteoporosis
- Muscle hypotonia
- Seizure syndrome and paresthesia
- Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
- Polyuria
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Preoperative preparation
- Hyperthyroidism
- Malignant tumors
- Urolithiasis
- Bone pain
Increased Calcium Levels (Hypercalcemia)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Vitamin D hypervitaminosis
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Hematologic malignancies
- Malignant tumors
- Idiopathic neonatal hypercalcemia
- Acute kidney failure
- Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases
- Iatrogenic hypercalcemia
- Kidney diseases
- Overdose of thiazide diuretics
Decreased Calcium Levels (Hypocalcemia)
- Primary hypoparathyroidism
- Secondary hypoparathyroidism
- Hypomagnesemia
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Vitamin D deficiency
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic kidney failure
- Liver failure
- Calcium ion sequestration