A clinical blood test (CBC) is a comprehensive analysis that determines both qualitative and quantitative blood characteristics. It is widely used for diagnosing various diseases and monitoring treatment progress. The CBC, along with the leukocyte formula and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), is among the most frequently performed tests in medical practice.
Purpose of CBC
The study of CBC indicators helps assess conditions such as:
- Anemia
- Polycythemia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Leukocytosis
These conditions may be symptoms of underlying diseases or independent pathologies.
Parameters Examined in CBC
- WBC (Leukocytes): Fight foreign agents and perform key functions like phagocytosis, cellular and humoral immunity, antimicrobial action, and antibody production.
- Neutrophils (Neut %): Protect the body against bacterial infections.
- Lymphocytes (Lym %): Identify foreign antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
- Monocytes (Mon %): Function as macrophages in inflammation sites, clearing dead cells and debris.
- Eosinophils (EO %): Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, combating parasites and controlling allergic reactions.
- Basophils (Baso %): Participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions, inflammation, and allergic responses.
Absolute Counts:
- Neutrophils (Neut)
- Lymphocytes (Lym)
- Monocytes (Mon)
- Eosinophils (EO)
- Basophils (Baso)
Erythrocyte and Hemoglobin Indicators:
- RBC (Erythrocytes): Oxygen-transporting, nucleus-free cells rich in hemoglobin.
- HGB (Hemoglobin): Blood respiratory pigment facilitating oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
- HCT (Hematocrit): Percentage of blood composed of formed elements.
- MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume): Average volume of erythrocytes, aiding in anemia diagnosis.
- MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin): Hemoglobin content in an average erythrocyte.
- MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration): Concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes.
- RDW-CV/SD (Red Cell Distribution Width): Indicates variation in erythrocyte size (anisocytosis).
Platelet Indicators:
- PLT (Platelets): Essential for coagulation, fibrinolysis, and thrombus retraction.
- PDW (Platelet Distribution Width): Reflects platelet size variability.
- MPV (Mean Platelet Volume): Correlates with functional platelet activity.
- P-LCR: Percentage of large platelets.
- PCT (Thrombocrit): Platelet-to-blood volume ratio.
Additional Parameter:
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate): A nonspecific marker reflecting plasma protein changes, often used to monitor inflammation.
Considerations for Interpretation
- Up to 5% of healthy individuals may have test results outside reference norms.
- Conversely, significant clinical changes may still fall within normal limits.
- Test interpretation should account for individual factors like sex, age, and race.
At our medical center, you can rely on accurate and reliable results from your blood tests.
Preparation Guidelines
- Avoid alcohol consumption for 24 hours before the test.
- Do not eat for 2 hours prior to the test (non-carbonated water is allowed). For infants, the test should be done before the next feeding.
- Eliminate physical and emotional stress 30 minutes before the test.
- Mandatory examination upon hospitalization in therapeutic and surgical departments.
- Diagnosis of anemia.
- Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
- Investigation of blood disorders.
- Monitoring treatment efficacy and studying the progression of various diseases.
Diseases and Conditions Associated with Changes in Hemoglobin Concentration:
Hemoglobin Increase | Hemoglobin Decrease |
Primary and secondary erythrocytosis (respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, polycystic kidney disease) | All types of anemia: |
Polycythemia (Erythremia) | - Blood loss |
Dehydration (diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating, diabetes, burns, peritonitis) | - Impaired blood formation functions |
Excessive physical exertion and emotional stress | - Increased blood cell destruction |
Prolonged stay at high altitudes | - Hyperhydration |
Smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO) | |
Hematocrit Increase | Hematocrit Decrease |
Erythrocytosis: | Anemia: |
- Primary (Erythremia) | - Increased blood volume in circulation |
- Hypoxia of various origins | - Pregnancy (second trimester) |
- Excessive erythropoietin secretion due to kidney tumors | - Hyperproteinemia |
- Polycystic and hydronephrotic kidney conditions | - Hyperhydration |
- Decreased circulating plasma volume (e.g., burns, peritonitis) | |
- Dehydration | |
Conditions Associated with Increased Red Blood Cell Count:
Pathogenetic Groups | Clinical Forms |
Absolute Erythrocytosis: | |
- Primary | Polycythemia (Erythremia) |
- Secondary (Symptomatic): | |
- Associated with hypoxia | Lung diseases, congenital heart defects, prolonged high-altitude stay |
- Excess erythropoietin secretion | Kidney tumors, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis |
- Hormonal imbalances | Excess adrenocorticosteroids and androgens |
Relative Erythrocytosis: | |
- Blood thickening | Dehydration, plasma loss |
- Mixed erythrocytosis | Resulting from placental transfusion |
Associated Conditions: | |
- Polycythemia (Erythremia) | |
- Lung diseases | COPD, emphysema, etc. |
- Heart defects | Congenital abnormalities |
- Abnormal hemoglobins | Hemoglobinopathies |
- High physical exertion | Intense athletic activity |
- Prolonged high-altitude stay | Hypoxic adaptation |
- Obesity | Increased oxygen demand |
- Kidney and liver cancers | Parenchymal tumors |
- Endocrine disorders | Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism |
- Dehydration | Due to fluid loss |
- Emotional stress | Temporary erythrocyte elevation |
- Alcohol consumption | |
- Hypertension | Elevated blood pressure |
- Neonatal physiological erythrocytosis | Common in newborns |
A decrease in the number of red blood cells is observed in various types of anemia and hyperhydration
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) is primarily used to determine the type of anemia:
Increased MCV | Decreased MCV |
- Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia | - Iron deficiency anemia |
- Folic acid deficiency anemia | - Anemia of chronic diseases |
- Aplastic anemia | - Thalassemia |
- Liver diseases | - Some anemias associated with hemoglobinopathies |
- Hypothyroidism | |
- Autoimmune anemias | |
- Smoking and alcohol consumption | |
Increased MCH (Hyperchromia):
- Observed in:
- Megaloblastic anemia (B12 and folic acid deficiency)
- Chronic hemolytic anemia
- Hypoplastic anemia after acute blood loss
- Hypothyroidism
- Liver diseases
- Malignant tumors with metastases
- After the use of cytostatics and contraceptives
- After taking anticonvulsant medications
- Other related conditions
Decreased MCH (Hypochromia):
- Observed in microcytic anemias, including:
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Anemia in chronic diseases
- Thalassemia
- Some hemoglobinopathies
- Lead poisoning
Conditions Associated with Changes in MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration):
Increased MCHC (Hyperchromic Anemias) | Decreased MCHC (<31g/dl) (Hypochromic Anemias) |
- Spherocytosis | - Iron deficiency anemia |
- Ovalocytosis | - Sideroblastic anemia |
- Hyperosmolar water-electrolyte imbalance | - Thalassemia |
| | - Hypoosmolar water-electrolyte imbalance |
Indicators and Related Conditions
Indicators | Low MCV (Microcytic) | Normal MCV (Normocytic) | High MCV (Macrocytic) |
RDW Normal (Homogeneous) | - Beta-thalassemia | - Chronic diseases | - Liver diseases |
| | | - Acute blood loss | - Aplastic anemia |
| | | - Non-crisis hemolytic anemia | - B12 and folic acid deficiency |
RDW Elevated (Heterogeneous) | - Iron deficiency | - Hemoglobinopathies | - Hemolytic crisis |
| | - Chronic diseases | - Myelodysplastic syndrome | - Erythrocyte agglutination |
| | | - Myelofibrosis | - Leukocytosis >50.0*10^9/L |
Reticulocyte Changes
Increased Reticulocytes | Decreased Reticulocytes |
- Blood loss or erythrocyte destruction | - Aplastic anemia |
(3–6 times increase) | - Hypoplastic anemia |
- Hemolytic anemias (up to 300%) | - Untreated B12 deficiency anemia |
- Effective treatment for iron-deficiency | - Autoimmune diseases of blood-forming organs |
anemia (8–12 days post-treatment) | - Alcoholism |
- B12 treatment (5–8 days reticulocyte crisis) | - Cancer metastases in bone marrow |
- Thalassemia | - Myxedema |
- Malaria | - Kidney diseases |
- Polycythemia and cancer metastases to bone marrow | |
- Acute oxygen deficiency | |
Platelet Concentration
Increased Platelet Count | Decreased Platelet Count |
- Physical exertion | - Pregnancy |
- Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases | - B12 and folic acid deficiency |
- Hemolytic anemias | - Aplastic anemias |
- Acute and chronic blood loss | - Viral and bacterial infections |
- Post-surgical conditions | - Medications affecting platelet production |
- Post-splenectomy | - Hereditary thrombocytopenia |
- Oncological diseases (including hemoblastoses) | - Splenomegaly |
| | - Autoimmune diseases |
| | - Post-massive transfusions |
MPV Changes
Increased MPV | Decreased MPV |
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | - Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
- Bernard-Soulier macrothrombocytopathy | - Mey-Hegglin anomaly |
- Mey-Hegglin anomaly | - Post-hemorrhagic anemia |
Leukocyte Count Changes
Leukocytosis (Increased Leukocytes) | Leukopenia (Decreased Leukocytes) |
- Infectious diseases (bacterial, fungal, viral, etc.) | - Bone marrow aplasia and hypoplasia |
- Inflammatory conditions | - Bone marrow damage due to chemicals and drugs |
- Malignant tumors | - Hypersplenism (primary or secondary) |
- Trauma | - Acute leukemia |
- Leukemia | - Myelofibrosis |
- Uremia | - Myelodysplastic syndromes |
- Effects of adrenaline and steroid hormones | - Plasmacytoma |
| | - Bone marrow metastases of tumors |
| | - Addison-Birmer disease |
| | - Sepsis |
| | - Typhoid and paratyphoid fever |
| | - Anaphylactic shock |
| | - Collagen diseases |
| | - Drug-induced (sulfonamide antibiotics, NSAIDs, thyreostatics, anticonvulsants, etc.) |
Neutrophil Changes
Neutrophilia (Increased Neutrophils) | Neutropenia (Decreased Neutrophils) |
Acute bacterial infections: | Bacterial infections: |
- Localized (abscess, osteomyelitis, appendicitis, otitis, pneumonia, etc.) | - Typhoid, paratyphoid, tularemia, brucellosis, endocarditis, miliary tuberculosis |
- Generalized (sepsis, peritonitis, empyema, scarlet fever, cholera) | |
Tissue inflammation and necrosis: | Viral infections: |
- Myocardial infarction, severe burns, gangrene, rapidly growing malignant tumors | - Infectious hepatitis, flu, measles, rubella |
Exogenous intoxication: | Myelotoxicity and granulocyte suppression: |
- Lead, venom, vaccines (foreign protein, bacterial) | - Ionizing radiation, chemical agents (benzene, aniline), cytostatics, immunosuppressants |
Endogenous intoxication: | Vitamin deficiencies: |
- Uremia, diabetic acidosis, gout, eclampsia, Cushing’s syndrome | - B12 and folic acid deficiency |
Drug effects: | Immune agranulocytosis: |
- Corticosteroids, heparin, acetylcholine | - Drug hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases (SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, CLL) |
Myeloproliferative diseases: | Tissue sequestration: |
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia, erythremia | - Anaphylactic shock, splenomegaly |
Other causes: | Inherited forms: |
- Acute hemorrhage, post-surgical recovery, stress, physical exertion | - Cyclic neutropenia, familial chronic neutropenia, Kostmann syndrome |
Eosinophilia - Causes and Clinical Forms
Main Causes | Clinical Forms |
Allergic diseases | - Bronchial asthma |
| | - Hay fever |
| | - Allergic dermatitis |
| | - Drug allergies |
Parasitic infestations | - Ascariasis, toxocariasis, trichinellosis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, filariasis |
| | - Strongyloidiasis, opisthorchiasis, hookworm infection, giardiasis |
Hematological disorders | - Hemoblastoses (acute leukemias, chronic myelogenous leukemia, erythremia, lymphomas, lymphogranulomatosis) |
| | - Other tumors (especially with metastasis and necrosis) |
Immune deficiencies | - Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
Connective tissue diseases | - Nodular periarteritis |
| | - Rheumatoid arthritis |
Infectious diseases | - Chickenpox, tuberculosis, mononucleosis, gonorrhea |
| | - Acute phases of certain infections |
Lung diseases | - Sarcoidosis |
| | - Eosinophilic pneumonia |
| | - Langerhans cell histiocytosis |
| | - Eosinophilic pleuritis |
| | - Eosinophilic infiltrates (Löffler's syndrome) |
Lymphocyte Changes
Absolute Lymphocytosis | Absolute Lymphopenia |
Causes: | Causes: |
- Viral infections | - Pancytopenia |
- Acute infectious lymphocytosis | - Corticosteroid or cytostatic therapy |
- Whooping cough | - Severe viral infections |
- Infectious mononucleosis | - Malignant tumors |
- Acute viral hepatitis | - Secondary immunodeficiencies |
- Cytomegalovirus infection | - Renal insufficiency |
- Diseases of the lymphatic system: | - Circulatory failure |
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | - Aplastic anemia |
- Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia | - Loss of lymph through the intestines |
- Heavy chain disease | - Systemic lupus erythematosus |
- Drug effects (levodopa, phenytoin, valproic acid, narcotic analgesics) | - Radiation exposure |
- Severe poisoning (tetrachloroethane, lead, arsenic, carbon disulfide) | - Terminal stage of oncological diseases |
| | - Miliary tuberculosis |
| | - Lymphogranulomatosis |
Monocytosis
Main Causes | Clinical Forms |
Infections | - Septic endocarditis, recovery after acute infections |
| | - Viral infections (e.g., infectious mononucleosis) |
| | - Fungal, rickettsial, and protozoal infections (e.g., malaria, leishmaniasis, kala-azar) |
Granulomatous Diseases | - Tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, enteritis |
Blood Diseases | - Acute monoblast and myelomonoblast leukemia |
| | - Chronic monocytic, myelomonocytic leukemia |
| | - Hodgkin’s lymphoma |
Collagen Diseases | - Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, nodular periarteritis |
ESR Alterations
Increased ESR | Decreased ESR |
- Pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation | - Polycythemia and reactive erythrocytosis |
- Inflammatory diseases of various etiologies | - Circulatory failure |
- Paraproteinemias (e.g., multiple myeloma, Waldenström’s disease) | - Epilepsy |
- Malignant tumors (e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, acute leukemia, lymphoma) | - Sickle cell anemia |
- Connective tissue diseases | - Hemoglobinopathy C |
- Glomerulonephritis, renal amyloidosis, uremia | - Hyperproteinemia |
- Severe infections | - Hypofibrinogenemia |
- Myocardial infarction | - Viral and mechanical hepatitis |
- Hypoproteinemia | - Nervous disorders |
- Anemia | - Effects of calcium chloride, salicylates, and mercury preparations |
- Hypo- and hyperthyroidism | |
- Internal bleeding | |
- Hyperfibrinogenemia | |
- Hypercholesterolemia | |
- Hemorrhagic vasculitis | |
- Rheumatoid arthritis | |
- Drug effects (morphine, dextran, methyldopa, vitamin A) | |
Qanın ümumi analizi haqqında
Qanın ümumi analizi insan orqanizmindəki bir çox xəstəliklərin ilkin əlamətlərini üzə çıxarmağa kömək edən ən geniş yayılmış laborator müayinə üsullarından biridir. Bu analiz vasitəsilə qandakı eritrositlərin, leykositlərin, trombositlərin sayına, hemoglobin səviyyəsinə və digər mühüm göstəricilərə baxılır. Ümumi qan analizi adətən xəstəliyin əlamətləri müşahidə olunduqda, profilaktik məqsədlə və ya cərrahi əməliyyatlardan əvvəl təyin edilir. Bu sadə, lakin əhatəli test, infeksiyaların, iltihabi proseslərin, qan azlığının və bəzi xroniki xəstəliklərin aşkarlanmasında ilkin addım hesab olunur. Qanın ümumi analizi nəticələri düzgün qiymətləndirildikdə, vaxtında müalicə tədbirlərinin görülməsi və xəstəliyin ağırlaşmasının qarşısının alınması mümkündür.
Qan analizi normaları
Qan analizi normaları, analiz zamanı əldə olunan rəqəmlərin hansı aralıqda sağlam sayıldığını göstərən tibbi göstəricilərdir. Hər bir göstəricinin normal həddi yaşa, cinsə və bəzən orqanizmin fərdi xüsusiyyətlərinə görə dəyişir. Məsələn, hemoglobin səviyyəsi qadınlarda və kişilərdə fərqli ola bilir, uşaqlarda isə bu rəqəmlər daha fərqli aralıqlarda dəyişir. Qan analizi normaları müayinənin dəqiq şərh olunması üçün əsas rol oynayır. Nəticələr bu normalara uyğun deyilsə, həkimlər əlavə müayinələr təyin edərək problemi daha dərindən araşdıra bilirlər. Yəni bu normalar sadəcə rəqəm deyil, sağlamlıq göstəricisidir.
Qan analizi nəticələri
Qan analizi nəticələri, subklinik mərhələdə olan patoloji proseslərin aşkarlanmasında mühüm rol oynayan yüksək diaqnostik həssaslığa malik laborator göstəricilər toplusudur. Məsələn, yüngül bir halsızlıq və yorğunluq şikayəti ilə verilmiş analizlərdə bəzən ciddi anemiya və ya gizli iltihab prosesləri üzə çıxa bilir. Qan analizi nəticələri hər bir göstəricinin tibbi mənasını anlamaqla daha dolğun dəyərləndirilir. Bu nəticələrə baxaraq həkim pasiyentin ümumi sağlamlıq vəziyyətini analiz edir və lazım gələrsə, əlavə analiz və ya müalicə təyin edir. Eyni zamanda, xəstənin əvvəlki analizləri ilə müqayisə aparmaq da diaqnozun dəqiqliyini artırır.
Qan analizi qiymətləri
Qan analizi qiymətləri analizlərin növünə, laboratoriyanın texniki avadanlıqlarına və göstərilən xidmətin səviyyəsinə görə dəyişir. Sadə və rutin qan testlərinin qiyməti daha münasib olduğu halda, spesifik və detallı analizlər üçün ödəniş nisbətən yüksək ola bilir. Hazırda Sağlam Ailə müxtəlif müayinələri əhatə edən analiz paketləri təklif edir. Beləliklə qan analizi qiymətləri daha sərfəli olur. Qiymətlərə təsir edən digər faktor isə analiz nəticələrinin əldə olunma sürətidir. Qısa zamanda nəticə tələb edən hallarda əlavə ödəniş verilməsi lazım gələ bilər.
Nigah üçün qan analizi qiyməti
Ailə həyatı qurmaq istəyən cütlüklər üçün nigah üçün qan analizi qiyməti də olduqca aktual bir mövzudur. Bu analizlər sağlam gələcək nəsil üçün vacibdir və qanla keçə biləcək xəstəliklərin (hepatit B və C, QİÇS, talassemiya və s.) vaxtında müəyyən edilməsini təmin edir. Sağlam Ailə bu müayinələri sərfəli paket şəklində təqdim edir. Bu analizlərin verilməsi həm qanunvericiliyin tələbi, həm də cütlüklərin sağlam gələcək üçün atdığı önəmli addımdır. Bizə müraciət edərək nigah üçün qan analizi qiyməti ilə tanış ola bilərsiniz.