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Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies

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Thyroglobulin (TG) is an iodinated protein essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-TG) are autoantibodies that target thyroglobulin, and their presence indicates autoimmune thyroid disorders such as:

  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • Atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis
  • Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter)

Clinical Significance

  • Combined testing for Anti-TG and Anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase antibodies) can detect Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and primary idiopathic hypothyroidism in most cases.
  • In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Anti-TG levels decrease during treatment, but in some patients, elevated levels persist for 2-3 years.
  • Anti-TG levels correlate more strongly with TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) than with thyroglobulin.
  • This test is especially important in iodine-deficient regions for diagnosing autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • Take the test at least 2 hours after the last meal.
  • Avoid smoking for 3 hours before the test.
  • Avoid physical and emotional stress for 1 hour before the test
  • Suspected thyroid disease (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism)
  • Monitoring after thyroidectomy (thyroid removal)
  • Patients with systemic autoimmune diseases

Interpretation of Results

Elevated Anti-TG Levels May Indicate:

  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • Diffuse toxic goiter (Graves' disease, Basedow’s disease)
  • Idiopathic myxedema
  • Thyroiditis (including granulomatous thyroiditis)
  • Primary hypothyroidism
  • Thyroid cancer
  • Other autoimmune diseases:
    • Pernicious anemia
    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
    • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Myasthenia gravis
    • Type 1 diabetes
  • Genetic syndromes associated with autoimmune diseases:
    • Down syndrome
    • Klinefelter syndrome

Normal Anti-TG Levels

  • Suggest no autoimmune thyroid disease.

Clinical Importance

This test is crucial for early detection and monitoring of autoimmune thyroid disorders, especially in cases of unexplained thyroid dysfunction or after thyroid surgery.